codds 12 rules

 

Dr Edgar F.Codd 

Dr Edgar F. Codd, after his extensive research on the Relational Model of database systems, came up with twelve rules of his own.

According to him, a database must obey in order to be regarded as a true relational database.

These rules can be applied on any database system that manages stored data using only its relational capabilities.

This is a foundation rule, which acts as a base for all the other rules.

The Twelve Rules:

Just as in the 12 rules that define the distributed product, there is a single overall rule, which is some ways covers all others. It is commonly called Rule 0.

It states that any truly relational database must be manageable entirely through its own relational capabilities.

Rule 1:

The Information Rule

The data stored in a database, may it be user data or metadata, must be a value of some table cell.

Everything in a database must be stored in a table format.

Rule 2:

The Guaranteed Rule

Every single data element is guaranteed to be accessible logically with a combination of table-name, primary-key (row value), and attribute-name.

Rule 3:

Systematic Treatment of NULL Values

The NULL values in a database must be given a systematic and uniform treatment.

This is a very important rule because a NULL can be interpreted as one the following − data is missing, data is not known, or data is not applicable.

Rule 4:

Online Catalog based on the Relational Model

The structure description of the entire database must be stored in an online catalog, known as data dictionary, which can be accessed by authorized users.

Users can use the same query language to access the catalog which they use to access the database itself.

Rule 5:

Comprehensive Data Sub-Language Rule

A database can only be accessed using a language having linear syntax that supports data definition and data manipulation.

This language can be used by means of some application.

If the database allows access to data without any help of this language, then it is considered as a violation.

Rule 6:

View Updating Rule

All the views of a database, which can theoretically be updated, must also be updatable by the system.

Rule 7:

High-Level Insert, Update, and Delete Rule

A database must support high-level insertion, updating, and deletion.

This must not be limited to a single row, that is, it must also support union, intersection and minus operations to yield sets of data records.

Rule 8:

Physical Data Independence

The data stored in a database must be independent of the applications that access the database.

Any change in the physical structure of a database must not have any impact on how the data is being accessed by external applications.

Rule 9:

Logical Data Independence

The logical data in a database must be independent of its user’s view.

Any change in logical data must not affect the applications using it.

For example, if two tables are merged or one is split into two different tables, there should be no impact or change on the user application.

This is one of the most difficult rule to apply.

Rule 10:

Integrity Independence

A database must be independent of the application that uses it.

All its integrity constraints can be independently modified without the need of any change in the application.

This rule makes a database independent of the front-end application and its interface.

Rule 11:

Distribution Independence

The end-user must not be able to see that the data is distributed over various locations.

Users should always get the impression that the data is located at one site only.

This rule has been regarded as the foundation of distributed database systems.

Rule 12:

Non-Subversion Rule

If a Relational system has a low level language, the low level cannot be used to subvert the integrity rules and constraints expressed in the higher-level relational languages.